ADHD

25^th June 2026

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting approximately 2–5% of children and adolescents worldwide [1]. While conventional pharmacological treatments are often effective for core symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, some individuals continue to experience associated challenges including emotional dysregulation, anxiety, sleep disturbances and sensory sensitivities despite treatment.

In this context, interest in medical cannabinoids has increased among some patients and families. This interest is often driven by the persistence of these co-occurring symptoms, ongoing functional impairment despite standard treatment, and increased public exposure to medical cannabinoids as a potential option in mental health care.

Current evidence does not support cannabinoids as a primary treatment for ADHD. Research to date has focused primarily on broader mental health outcomes such as anxiety, sleep and general wellbeing rather than ADHD-specific symptom control [2]; [3]. Limited observational studies have reported possible improvements in some associated symptom domains; however, these findings remain preliminary and are not confirmed by controlled clinical trials [4].

How Cannabinoids Can Help

Medical cannabinoids are not a treatment for ADHD itself and are not used to treat core symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity. However, in some people, they may be considered as an additional option to help manage certain ongoing difficulties that can occur alongside ADHD, such as anxiety, sleep problems and emotional ups and downs.

Cannabinoids work on the body’s endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate mood, stress and sleep patterns. Because of this, they may have an effect on how the body responds to stress, emotions and sleep in some individuals. However, we are still learning how significant these effects are in people with ADHD, and research in this area is still limited [2]; [4]; [3].

At this stage, medical cannabinoids are considered only as a possible add-on option in carefully selected cases, and are not part of standard ADHD treatment. Any use should focus on specific symptoms rather than ADHD itself, and should be guided by a healthcare professional.

Mechanisms of Action

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC is one of the primary active compounds found in cannabinoids. It works by interacting with cannabinoid receptors as well as others in the brain and nervous system, which are involved in regulating functions such as mood, perception, and sleep. In some individuals, THC may help promote relaxation and support sleep. Responses to THC can vary from person to person and may depend on the dose used.  For this reason, treatment decisions, product selection, and dosing should always be guided by a healthcare professional and reviewed regularly based on individual response.

Cannabidiol (CBD)

CBD is a non-intoxicating compound found in cannabis that does not typically produce a “high.” It interacts with multiple systems in the body involved in mood regulation, stress response, and sleep. Some individuals report benefits such as reduced anxiety-related arousal, improved sense of calm, or better sleep quality; however, responses vary and are not guaranteed.

The mechanisms of CBD are still being researched, and its effects may differ depending on formulation, dose, and co-existing conditions or treatments. CBD should therefore be used under appropriate clinical guidance and monitored for both response and tolerability, particularly when used alongside other medications.

Common Conditions Related to ADHD

• Anxiety Disorders: Many individuals experience significant anxiety that may not be adequately addressed by ADHD medications alone.
• Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia and restless sleep are common, impacting concentration and emotional regulation.
• Emotional Dysregulation: Difficulty managing frustration, stress responses and emotional intensity.
• Sensory Sensitivities: Heightened responses to environmental stimuli (sound, light, touch).
• Learning Difficulties: Academic challenges related to attention and executive functioning.

Conventional Treatments

• Stimulant Medications: Methylphenidate and amphetamine-based medications improve attention and impulse control but may cause side effects including appetite suppression, sleep disruption, anxiety, irritability, as well as cardiovascular side effects like palpitations.
• Non-Stimulant Medications: Atomoxetine and guanfacine provide alternatives but can cause sedation, gastrointestinal effects and mood changes.
• Psychological Therapies: Cognitive behavioural therapy, executive functioning coaching and parent training provide important support.
• Lifestyle Interventions: Sleep optimisation, exercise, dietary changes and environmental modifications.

Cannabinoids and Symptom Management: Clinical Evidence

Current evidence suggests that cannabinoids may help manage some symptoms that commonly occur alongside ADHD rather than the core symptoms of ADHD itself. Research is strongest for anxiety and sleep disturbances, while evidence for emotional dysregulation and sensory sensitivities remains limited [2]; [3].

Emotional Regulation and Anxiety

Studies have shown that CBD may help reduce anxiety in some individuals without producing the intoxicating effects associated with THC. For example, a 2019 study found that CBD reduced anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders [5]. In addition, a 2021 systematic review reported that cannabinoids may reduce anxiety and improve mood in certain clinical populations experiencing treatment-related stress [6]. As anxiety commonly co-occurs with ADHD and can contribute to emotional dysregulation and impulsivity, improvements in anxiety may help reduce the overall symptom burden in some individuals. However, evidence supporting cannabinoid use specifically in people with ADHD remains limited, and further research is needed [2]; [3].A 2019 study published in The Permanente Journal [5] found that CBD significantly reduced anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders, without producing psychoactive effects. Many individuals with ADHD report co-occurring anxiety that can amplify impulsivity and emotional dysregulation.

Sleep Quality

Sleep disturbances are common in individuals with ADHD and can contribute to difficulties with attention, emotional regulation and overall daily functioning. Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoid-based medicines may improve sleep quality and reduce sleep-related symptoms in some individuals, particularly when sleep disturbance is a co-occurring concern rather than a core feature of ADHD [2]; [3]. Observational studies in people with ADHD receiving medical cannabinoids have also reported improvements in sleep and overall quality of life; however, these findings are preliminary, and evidence from controlled clinical trials remains limited [4]; [9].

Sensory Regulation and Overwhelm

Some individuals with ADHD report heightened sensitivity to environmental stimuli such as noise, bright lights or busy or crowded environments, which can contribute to feelings of overwhelm. In qualitative patient reports, including a sociological case study of adults using medical cannabinoids, some individuals describe subjective improvements in their ability to cope with overstimulation; however, these experiences are based on personal reports rather than controlled clinical evidence [7].

While the endocannabinoid system is involved in stress regulation and sensory processing, there is currently insufficient clinical evidence to determine whether cannabinoid-based medicines directly improve sensory sensitivities in people with ADHD. Further controlled research is needed before any conclusions can be made.

Benefits of Cannabinoids

• Emotional Regulation Support: While stimulant medications primarily target attention and core ADHD symptoms, cannabinoid-based medicines are being explored for their potential role in supporting co-occurring emotional symptoms such as anxiety and emotional dysregulation. Medical cannabinoids are not a treatment for ADHD itself, but some research suggests they may support anxiety and emotional wellbeing in certain individuals. For people with ADHD who experience ongoing emotional distress, this may contribute to improved day-to-day functioning [2]; [3].While stimulant medications target attention, cannabinoids addresses the emotional dysregulation and anxiety that often co-occur with ADHD, providing adjunctive symptom relief.
• Sleep Improvement: Unlike stimulant medications, which may affect sleep in some individuals, cannabinoid-based medicines have been explored for their potential role in supporting sleep in people with ADHD. Some observational studies, including registry data in ADHD populations, have reported improvements in sleep-related symptoms; however, these findings are based on real-world use rather than direct comparisons with standard ADHD treatments, and controlled clinical trial evidence remains limited [4]; [3].Unlike stimulant medications which may disrupt sleep, cannabinoids (particularly CBD and balanced THC:CBD formulations) can improve sleep quality, which indirectly supports better ADHD management.
• Reduced Medication Side Effects: Cannabinoids, particularly CBD-dominant formulations, generally has a more favourable side effect profile compared to stimulant medications, with fewer effects on appetite, heart rate and blood pressure.
• Multi-Symptom Approach: Evidence suggests cannabinoid-based medicines may help with some co-occurring symptoms such as anxiety, sleep difficulties and emotional wellbeing in some individuals. However, this is based mainly on observational and broader mental health research, and cannabinoids are not established treatments for core ADHD symptoms [2]; [4]; [3].

Side effects of CBD

CBD is generally well-tolerated. Most common side effects are mild to moderate and include diarrhea, nausea, appetite changes, somnolence, and fatigue. Liver enzyme elevation may occur, particularly when combined with valproate. Serious adverse effects are rare. Monitor liver function tests at baseline and periodically, especially in patients with hepatic impairment or taking hepatotoxic medications.

Drug Interactions

CBD may interact with other medications, and some medications may also affect CBD levels in the body. These interactions can occur through shared liver enzyme pathways, including CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 [8].

As a result, levels of either CBD or certain medications may increase or decrease, which may affect therapeutic response and the risk of side effects. This may be particularly relevant for certain cardiovascular, psychiatric, and anticonvulsant medications.

The extent of interaction varies depending on the specific medication, cannabinoid formulation, and individual patient metabolism.

Conclusion

For selected individuals with ADHD who continue to experience co-occurring symptoms such as anxiety, emotional dysregulation or sleep difficulties despite conventional treatment, medical cannabinoids may be considered as an adjunctive option within a comprehensive, individualised care plan. Current evidence suggests potential benefits in some patients, particularly for associated symptoms and overall well-being, although findings are primarily based on observational data and broader mental health research. The use of cannabinoid-based medicines should be guided by clinical assessment, regulatory frameworks and specialist oversight, with careful consideration of the limited evidence base in ADHD populations.

How to Access AKOS BIO Cannabinoid Therapy

If you are interested in exploring cannabinoid-based treatment as part of your therapeutic plan, discuss this option with your treating healthcare provider. They can help determine whether cannabinoid therapy may be be appropriate for your individual circumstances.

Alternatively, if you would like to explore AKOS BIO’s pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid products, you can book a consultation with an independent prescribing healthcare practitioner via the AKOS BIO website.

AKOS BIO provides pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid products and educational resources to support patients and healthcare professionals. Prescribing decisions are made independently by qualified healthcare practitioners.

In South Africa, AKOS BIO doctors will apply for your Section 21 licence (SAHPRA) on your behalf if medical cannabis is appropriate for your condition. The permit is valid for six months and can be renewed if treatment is effective.

For more information or to book a consultation:

Website: [www.akos-bio.com](https://www.akos-bio.com)

WhatsApp: 066 269 1108

References

• [1] Salari, N., Ghasemi, H., Abdoli, N., Rahmani, A., Shiri, M. H., Hashemian, A. H., Akbari, H., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1
• [2] De Bode, N., Kroon, E., Sznitman, S. R., & Cousijn, J. (2025). The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 118, 102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
• [3] Wilson, J., Dobson, O., Langcake, A., Mishra, P., Bryant, Z., Leung, J., Dawson, D., Graham, M., Teesson, M., Freeman, T. P., Hall, W., Chan, G. C. K., & Stockings, E. (2026). The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 13(4), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(26)00015-5
• [4] Ittiphakorn, P., Erridge, S., Holvey, C., Coomber, R., Rucker, J. J., & Sodergren, M. H. (2023). UK Medical Cannabis Registry: An analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports, 43(4), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.12400
• [5] Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: A large case series. The Permanente Journal, 23, 18-041. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/18-041
• [6] Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
• [7] Hupli, A. M. M. (2019). Medical Cannabis for Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Sociological Patient Case Report of Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Finland. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 1(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495307
• [8] Nachnani, R., Knehans, A., Neighbors, J. D., Kocis, P. T., Lee, T., Tegeler, K., Trite, T., Raup-Konsavage, W. M., & Vrana, K. E. (2024). Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1282831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1282831
• [9] Cooper, A. M., Chamberlain, S. R., & Park, B. (2017). Clinical and neurobiological correlates of adult ADHD: A systematic review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2297